The Upper Border of the Heart
A: Mark a point on the lower border of the left second costal cartilage 1.2 cm away from the sternal margin.
B: Mark a point on the upper border of the right third costal cartilage 1.2 cm away from the sternal margin.Join these two points with a straight line. The line marks the upper border of the heart which is formed by the atria. Right atrium forms the right one-third and the left atrium forms the left two third of the upper border.
Right Border of the Heart
C:Mark a point on the right sixth costal cartilage 2.5 cm away from the sternal
margin.
Connect points B and C a lie which is slightly convex to the right and this line will mark the right border. The right border is formed by the right atrium.
Lower Border of the Heart
D:Mark a point in the left fifth intercostal space 9 cm. from the median plane.Join points C and D by a line which passing through the xiphisternal joint. The right two-thirds of the lower border is formed by the right ventricle and the left one third is formed by the left ventricle.
Left Border of the Heart
Connect point A and D by line which is convex to the left. The left border is formed by the left ventricle except at its upper end which is formed by the left auricle where there is a slight concavity.
The left atrium is not visible at the anterior surface of the heart.
Valves of the Heart
Pulmonary valve is surface marked at the sternal end of the left 3rd costal cartilage.
Aortic valve is surface marked at the sternal margin of the left 3rd intercostal space.
Mitral valve is surface marked at the sternal margin of the 4rd left costal cartilage.
Tricuspid valve is surface marked at the midsternum opposite the 4th intercostal space,however, it is to be noted that the actual position of the valves does not coincide with the auscultatory areas.
The auscultatory areas are as follows:
Pulmonary valve is best heard at the left second intercostal space near the sternum.Aortic auscultatory area is at the right second intercostal space near the sternum.
Mitral auscultatory area is just over the apex of the heart.
Tricuspid auscultatory area is at the lower end of the body of the sternum.
The auscultatory areas are the sites where the closure of valves are best heard.
A: Mark a point on the lower border of the left second costal cartilage 1.2 cm away from the sternal margin.
B: Mark a point on the upper border of the right third costal cartilage 1.2 cm away from the sternal margin.Join these two points with a straight line. The line marks the upper border of the heart which is formed by the atria. Right atrium forms the right one-third and the left atrium forms the left two third of the upper border.
Right Border of the Heart
C:Mark a point on the right sixth costal cartilage 2.5 cm away from the sternal
margin.
Connect points B and C a lie which is slightly convex to the right and this line will mark the right border. The right border is formed by the right atrium.
Lower Border of the Heart
D:Mark a point in the left fifth intercostal space 9 cm. from the median plane.Join points C and D by a line which passing through the xiphisternal joint. The right two-thirds of the lower border is formed by the right ventricle and the left one third is formed by the left ventricle.
Left Border of the Heart
Connect point A and D by line which is convex to the left. The left border is formed by the left ventricle except at its upper end which is formed by the left auricle where there is a slight concavity.
The left atrium is not visible at the anterior surface of the heart.
Valves of the Heart
Pulmonary valve is surface marked at the sternal end of the left 3rd costal cartilage.
Aortic valve is surface marked at the sternal margin of the left 3rd intercostal space.
Mitral valve is surface marked at the sternal margin of the 4rd left costal cartilage.
Tricuspid valve is surface marked at the midsternum opposite the 4th intercostal space,however, it is to be noted that the actual position of the valves does not coincide with the auscultatory areas.
The auscultatory areas are as follows:
Pulmonary valve is best heard at the left second intercostal space near the sternum.Aortic auscultatory area is at the right second intercostal space near the sternum.
Mitral auscultatory area is just over the apex of the heart.
Tricuspid auscultatory area is at the lower end of the body of the sternum.
The auscultatory areas are the sites where the closure of valves are best heard.
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