Development of the Heart

The primordium of the heart forms in the cardiogenic plate located at the cranial end of the embryo. Angiogenic cell clusters which lie in a horse-shoe shape configuration in the plate coalesce to form two endocardial tubes. These tubes are then forced into the thoracic region due to cephalic and lateral foldings where they fuse together forming a single endocardial tube.The tube can be subdivided into primordial heart chambers starting caudally at the inflow end.

They are as follows:

• the sinus venosus
• primitive atria
• ventricle
• bulbus cordis

The heart tube begins to grow rapidly forcing it to bend upon itself. The result is the bulboventricular loop. Septa begin to grow in the atria, ventricle and bulbus cordis to form right and left atria, right and left ventricles and two great vessels-the pulmonary artery and the aorta.By the end of the eighth week partitioning is completed and the fetal heart has formed. Details discussion of the fetal heart formation will be under the following sections:

• Formation of the heart tube
• Partitioning of the atria
• Fate of the sinus venosus (Formation of the right atrium)
• Pulmonary veins (Formation of the left atrium)
• Atrioventricular canals
• Formation of the ventricles
• Partitioning of the outflow tract

Congenital Heart Disease

•Atrial septal defect
• Persistent atrioventricular canal
• Ventricular septal defect
• Transposition of great vessels
• Persistent truncus arteriosus
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Dextrocardia